Extremely large, and inordinately complex SystemsA set of Components that are formally related together by a ... Click for more that consist of an almost unparalleled volume and diversity of hardware and software, data storage and exchange, computational elements and lines of code, participants and stakeholders, together with multiple complicated StructuresThe stable relationships, linkages and interdependencies tha... Click for more that are interconnected in complicated ways.
A ULS System also typically exhibits the following characteristics:
- Wide geographic scales (continental to precinct);
- Wide-time scales (years to microseconds);
- Long-term evolution and near continual deployments;
- Centralised and decentralised data, control, and development;
- Wide diversity of perspectives on the purpose(s) and priorities of the System;
- Inherently conflicting diverse requirements and trade-offs;
- Heterogeneous, inconsistent, and changing elements; and,
- Locational failures and response occur as a matter of normal operations.
GW-scale Power SystemsA highly complex cyber-physical and transactional System tha... Click for more are prime examples of ULS systems, and arguably some of the world’s largest and most complex.